ETAD: Election Timing across Autocracy and Democracy

A Global Dataset of National Election Dates

About

ETAD (Election Timing across Autocracy and Democracy) is a global dataset of election timing. It provides information of the dates when national elections were scheduled and held.

The current version covers national (legislative and presidential) elections in 148 countries from 1945 to 2023.

Citation

Please cite the following paper when you use the ETAD data.

• Higashijima, Masaaki, Naoki Shimizu, Hidekuni Washida, and Yuki Yanai. (2025). “Election Timing across Autocracy and Democracy (ETAD): A New Dataset of National Election Dates.” Electoral Studies 96, 102964.

Data

The ETAD data will be available soon.

• ETAD dataset, v.1.0.0 (CSV)
• ETAD Codebook (PDF)

Alternatively, you can install our R package to use ETAD in R. To get a GitHub version, run:

remotes::install_github("yukiyanai/ETAD")

Authors

• Masaaki Higashijima, The University of Tokyo
• Naoki Shimizu, Chukyo University
• Hidekuni Washida, Toyo University
• Yuki Yanai, Kochi University of Technology

Acknowledgments

This project was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP19H01447, JP22H00807, and JP23K25476.

We thank Taihei Atarashi, Tomoyo Chisaka, Yuya Endo, Hisashi Kadoya, Yasuki Kudo, Takaaki Minamii, Tsubasa Nishimura, Lungta Seki, and Shinji Tsukada for helping us collect the data as our research assistants.